England Fossils Geology Palaeontology Plate Tectonics

The lost rainforest of the West Cumberland Coalfield (Part 6): The seed-fern story – Neuropteris, Odontopteris and Alethopteris

If the lycopsids built the forests and the tree ferns reclaimed the drowned ground, then the seed ferns – particularly Neuropteris, Odontopteris and Alethopteris – tell the story of how the Carboniferous landscape diversified beyond the swamp. These plants, long extinct but abundantly preserved in the roof shales in the West Cumberland Coalfield, flourished on levees, raised mudbanks and floodplain surfaces that were too dry for lycopsids, but too unstable for true forest soils. Their fossils show how the environment shifted from a drowned swamp, back towards a mixed floodplain-wetland mosaic.

Fossils Geology North America Palaeontology

The weird and wonderful of the Ordovician (Part 11): Strophomena planumbona – the evolving architecture of Ordovician brachiopods

Jon Trevelyan (UK) This is the eleventh in my series of short articles on fossils of the Ordovician. Brachiopods flourished during the Ordovician, undergoing rapid diversification as part of the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event. Among them, Strophomena planumbona stands out for its distinctive shell architecture and ecological adaptability, making it … Read More

Dinosaurs England Fossils Geology Glaciers History & biographies Minerals Minerals Museums & societies Palaeontology Plate Tectonics Urban, art & anthropology Volcanoes

Geology museums of Britain: The Natural History Museum, London (Part 2) – reading the evidence

Jon Trevelyan (UK) From natural history to Earth history In Part 1, we considered a deceptively simple question: what should a great natural-history museum do with a great collection? The Natural History Museum provided no simple answer. In some galleries, magnificent specimens dominate; elsewhere, screens, models, reconstructions and interactive displays … Read More

Africa & Middle East Fossils Geology Palaeontology

Microbial worlds in stone: Stromatolites from Tizaghte, Morocco

In the dry valleys of the Anti-Atlas Mountains, some of the oldest sedimentary rocks in North Africa are exposed in spectacular detail. Along winding desert roads near the village of Tizaghte, folded bands of dark and pale rock emerge from the hillsides in sweeping patterns visible even from satellite imagery. Closer inspection reveals something potentially even more intriguing: structures that may preserve traces of ancient microbial communities that once lived in shallow seas during the latest Precambrian or earliest Cambrian.

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The weird and wonderful of the Ordovician (Part 10): Receptaculites oweni – the “sunflower fossil” of the Ordovician

Jon Trevelyan (UK) This is the tenth in my series of short articles on fossils of the Ordovician. Few Ordovician fossils are as instantly recognisable as Receptaculites oweni, commonly known as the “sunflower fossil” for its strikingly geometric appearance. Despite long-standing debates about its biological affinities, this enigmatic organism provides … Read More

Climate Dinosaurs England Fossils Geology Glaciers History & biographies Minerals Minerals Museums & societies Palaeontology Plate Tectonics Urban, art & anthropology Volcanoes

Geology museums of Britain: The Natural History Museum, London (Part 1) – what should a great museum show?

Jon Trevelyan (UK) A museum like no other This is the first part of a two-part article on the Natural History Museum in London. And there are few museums whose buildings announce their ambitions quite as emphatically as this museum does. Approaching from Cromwell Road, Alfred Waterhouse’s great Romanesque building … Read More

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The weird and wonderful of the Ordovician (Part 9): Orthoceras – the straight-shelled icons of Ordovician Seas

Jon Trevelyan (UK) This is the ninth in my series of short articles on fossils of the Ordovician. The long, tapering shells of Orthoceras are among the most evocative fossils of the Ordovician. As straight-shelled nautiloids inhabiting the open oceans, these cephalopods represent early experiments in mobility, buoyancy control and … Read More

BOOK REVIEWS England Fossils Geology Glaciers Minerals Minerals Palaeontology Plate Tectonics Volcanoes

Book review: Britain’s Geological Heritage: An illustrated guide to Britain’s spectacular geology and landscape, by Robert Westwood

Jon Trevelyan (UK) Robert Westwood is no stranger to the pages of Deposits. Over the years, I have reviewed several of his geological guides, covering subjects ranging from the Jurassic Coast to Cornwall and the Lake District (ee below). What has always appealed to me about his publications is their … Read More

Dinosaurs England Fossils Geology History & biographies Minerals Minerals Museums & societies Palaeontology

Geological museums of Britain: Maidstone Museum – dinosaurs, ancient seas and the geology of Kent

Jon Trevelyan (UK) Maidstone Museum and an unexpectedly substantial geology gallery Maidstone Museum is not primarily a geological museum. Its collections range across archaeology, natural history, fine and decorative art, costume, ethnography, and local history, with more than 600,000 objects in its care. Yet, tucked away on the first floor … Read More

Climate England Geology

The lost lakes of Britain (Part 3): Landscapes that vanished, rivers that remain

This final part of the series brings together the two very different lake worlds explored so far. In Part 1, we reconstructed the long-lived Devonian lakes of the Orcadian Basin; in Part 2, we examined the short-lived but dramatic ice-dammed lakes of Glen Roy. Here, we broaden the view to consider the wider pattern of lost lakes across Britain – how they formed, how they drained, and how their influence persists in modern landscapes, particularly in the behaviour of rivers and the shape of valleys.

Europe Fossils Geology North America Palaeontology United Kingdom

The weird and wonderful of the Ordovician (Part 8): Nemagraptus gracilis — the elegant index fossil of the Middle Ordovician

Jon Trevelyan (UK) This is the eighth in my series of short articles on fossils of the Ordovician. Nemagraptus gracilis is one of the most important and visually distinctive graptolites of the Middle Ordovician, widely known from the black shales of Britain, Scandinavia and North America. Dating to around 463-460 … Read More

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Geology museums of Britain: Dudley Museum at the Archives – from Silurian seas to Carboniferous forests

Jon Trevelyan (UK) A geological museum in the heart of the Black Country Dudley is one of those places where geology is difficult to separate from almost everything that followed. The rocks beneath the town and the surrounding Black Country provided coal, ironstone, limestone and fireclay; their exploitation transformed the … Read More

Climate England Fossils Geology Palaeontology Plate Tectonics

The lost rainforest of the West Cumberland Coalfield (Part 5): The ferns return – Pecopteris and the first colonisers of the drowned swamp

When a Carboniferous swamp drowned, its towering lycopsids collapsed, its peat surface disappeared beneath mud, and the forest that had stood for decades, or at most a few generations, abruptly ceased to exist. Yet within surprisingly little time, new vegetation reclaimed the abandoned lake floor. The first wave of this recovery is written across the roof shales of the West Cumberland Coalfield district in thousands of beautifully preserved fronds, most commonly those of Pecopteris, the characteristic tree ferns of the Westphalian wetlands.

Fossils Geology North America Palaeontology

The weird and wonderful of the Ordovician (Part 7): Maclurites bigsbyi – the open-coiled oddity of the Ordovician

Jon Trevelyan (UK) This is the seventh in my series of short articles on fossils of the Ordovician. Of all the Ordovician gastropods, few are as visually striking as Maclurites bigsbyi. With its large, open-coiled shell and broad, planispiral whorls, the species represents a unique experiment in molluscan shell architecture … Read More

EDITORIALS

Making Deposits easier to explore

One of the great advantages of publishing Deposits online is that an article does not disappear once the next issue comes along. Everything we publish remains available on the website, creating an ever-growing archive of articles, covering geology, palaeontology and the wider Earth sciences. However, as that archive grows, there … Read More

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Geology museums of Britain: Hastings Museum & Art Gallery and a window into the Wealden world

Jon Trevelyan (UK) A museum built on fossils Hastings is usually associated with history rather than prehistory. Its name is inseparable from 1066, while its fishing beach, old town and cliffs are familiar features of the modern resort. Yet the rocks beneath and around the town preserve evidence of a … Read More

Climate Geology Scotland

The lost lakes of Britain (Part 2): The ‘parallel roads’ of Glen Roy – a vanished Ice Age lake system

In Part 1, we reconstructed the long-lived Devonian lakes of the Orcadian Basin from their sedimentary record. Here, we turn to a much more recent and far more fleeting landscape. At the end of the last Ice Age, ice-dammed lakes formed across parts of Britain, leaving behind traces that are often subtle – but in Glen Roy, they are spectacular. The famous ‘parallel roads’ provide one of the clearest records of changing lake levels anywhere in the country, preserving the story of a landscape shaped over centuries, rather than millions of years.

Fossils Geology North America Palaeontology

The weird and wonderful of the Ordovician (Part 6): Isotelus maximus – one of the giants of the trilobite world

Jon Trevelyan (UK) This is the sixth in my series of short articles on fossils of the Ordovician. Trilobites reached their zenith in diversity during the Ordovician, but few species are as impressive as Isotelus maximus. Renowned for producing some of the largest articulated trilobite specimens ever found, this North … Read More

Fossils Geology North America Palaeontology

The weird and wonderful of the Ordovician (Part 5): Flexicalymene meeki – the classic enrolled trilobite

Jon Trevelyan (UK) This is the fifth in my series of short articles on fossils of the Ordovician. If one fossil trilobite has achieved near-universal recognition among collectors, it is Flexicalymene meeki. Abundant, beautifully articulated and famous for its perfectly enrolled specimens, this species offers a remarkably complete view of … Read More

England Geology Glaciers History & biographies Minerals Minerals Mining Museums & societies

Geology museums of Britain: Grime’s Graves – ancient mining and the stone beneath the Chalk

Jon Trevelyan (UK) A landscape full of holes Grime’s Graves does not announce itself with the drama of a great cliff, cave or quarry. On a low Chalk ridge in the Breckland of Norfolk, the most immediately striking feature is instead the ground itself. Across the grassland are hundreds of … Read More

Fossils Geology Glaciers Palaeontology Scotland

The lost lakes of Britain (Part 1): The Orcadian lakes – reconstructing Scotland’s lost Devonian world

This is the first of a three-part series exploring Britain’s lost lakes – landscapes that once existed across very different timescales, from the Devonian world of the Orcadian Basin to the fleeting ice-dammed lakes of the last Ice Age. In this opening article, we go deep into the Devonian, reconstructing the Orcadian lakes from the evidence preserved in Caithness and Orkney. Here, finely layered sediments, exceptional fossil preservation and subtle environmental clues allow us to rebuild not just the organisms that lived there, but the structure and behaviour of the lakes themselves.

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The weird and wonderful of the Ordovician (Part 4): Echinosphaerites aurantium – the grapefruit-shaped cystoid

Jon Trevelyan (UK) This is the fourth in my series of short articles on fossils of the Ordovician. Among the diverse and often bizarre echinoderms that flourished during this period, Echinosphaerites aurantium is one of the most distinctive. A rhombiferan cystoid with a rounded, grapefruit-like body, it embodies the experimental … Read More

England Fossils Geology Glaciers History & biographies Museums & societies Palaeontology Plate Tectonics

Geology museums of Britain: Cromer Museum, the West Runton Mammoth and the Cromer Forest-bed Formation

Jon Trevelyan (UK) A small museum with a remarkable geological story Tucked away behind the parish church in the centre of Cromer, Cromer Museum occupies a modest site that visitors could easily overlook. Entering through a modern reception building, the museum opens into a narrow courtyard surrounded by a terrace … Read More

England Fossils Geology Palaeontology Plate Tectonics

The lost rainforest of the West Cumberland Coalfield (Part 4): After the drowning – the roof-shale succession

Every coal seam in the West Cumberland Coalfield district records the accumulation of peat in a mature lycopsid swamp. But just as revealing as the coal itself is what lies immediately above it – the roof shales. These fine-grained sediments record the moment when the forest drowned, the swamp surface subsided or flooded, and a new ecological phase unfolded above the buried peat. In the West Cumberland Coalfield, roof shales are exceptionally well developed and preserve a full sequence of the events that followed each catastrophic rise in water level.

Fossils Geology History & biographies Minerals Mining Museums & societies Palaeontology Wales

Geology museums of Britain: The Blaenavon Industrial Landscape (Part 2) – Big Pit, Blaenavon, Monmouthshire

Jon Trevelyan (UK) Rising above the hills near the town of Blaenavon is the distinctive headgear of Big Pit, one of the most recognisable symbols of the South Wales Coalfield (Fig. 1). Today, the site forms part of the National Coal Museum of Wales, but for nearly a century it … Read More